The 10 U.S. states now have 13 offshore wind power projects in the Atlantic, Pacific, Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico respectively with an installed capacity of 5,100 MW, but none of the projects have yet started construction. · Mid-Atlantic Wind Park: NRG Energy's 300-450 MW offshore wind farm, located 13.2 miles from Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, has signed 200 MW The purchase agreement, but canceled in 2011, NRG is looking for investors or buyers. Three of the 13 projects have signed power purchase agreements :
Tungsten carbide roller has characteristics of good wear resistance, high temperature red hardness, thermal fatigue resistance and thermal conductivity and high strength , have been widely used in high-speed wire rod, bar, rebar, seamless steel tubes, etc. Domestic production of tungsten carbide roller materials mostly WC- Co, WC- Co- Ni- Cr two series, and the content of Co, Co- Ni - Cr is in the range of 6wt% ~ 30wt%. From the use of perspective, tungsten carbide rollers has good mechanical properties, its flexural strength up to 2200 MPa or more, shock toughness up (4 ~ 6) × 10^6 J/ m^2, Rockwell hardness (HRA) is up to 78 to 90, widely in the high-speed wire rod rolling process, which is much higher than single-slot chilled cast steel or high speed steel rolls.Tungsten carbide is made of Tungsten Carbide Powder and binder phase (such as drilling, nickel, etc.), and then pressing and sintering, regardless of the conditions under cold rolled or hot rolled has excellent wear resistance, tungsten carbide rollers has been widely used in pre-finishing mill and finishing of high-speed wire rod currently. On the performance of tungsten carbide roller in hot-rolling wire rod , the material must meet the following requirements:
Tungsten carbide roller material design
Tungsten carbide roller category
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The following are the latest developments in these projects:
Cape Cod Wind Farm (Cpae Wind): With 468 MW of installed capacity, the project has been fully approved and is scheduled to start construction in Nantucket Bay, Mass., By the end of 2013. 77.5% of its capacity has signed a power purchase agreement and Massachusetts is investing in port facilities.
Block Island: Deep Sea Wind Power's 30 MW pilot project, located on the island of Bruck off the island of Rhode Island, has a 100% power purchase agreement and is now under licensing and approval. The project may start construction by the end of 2013.
· Wind Energy Center Wind Energy Center: The 1,000 MW project being planned by Deep Sea Wind Power, located 20 miles off Massachusetts and Rhode Island, pending a tender for use by the Interior Ocean Energy Administration (BOEM) Approved.
· Hyundai Maine Pilot Project: This 12 MW pilot project by STO will install 4 3 in the 400-foot deep Bay of Maine 13.8 miles off the coast of the state MW floating turbine. The project has been approved by the Maine Public Utilities Commission and the Interior Energy Agency and funded by the Department of Energy (DOE).
Aqua Ventus: This 12 MW pilot at the University of Maine will install two 6 MW floating turbines in the Bay of Maine, 3 miles from the town of Monashon, Maine, and is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy .
· Atlantic City Wind Farm: Fisherman Energy's 25 MW pilot project, located 2.8 miles off the coast of Atlantic City, has received all necessary state and federal approvals and is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy . It has not signed a power purchase agreement yet, but New Jersey has an ocean renewable energy credit (OREC) system that is sufficient to support 1,100 MW of offshore wind projects. Once the financing is completed, it will start construction.
· Long Island-New York City Offshore Wind Project: The 350-700 MW project will be located 13 miles off the coast of Long Island by the Long Island Power Authority, United Edison and New York Power Management Bureau co-financing. Still to be approved by the Interior Energy Agency.
Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement: This pilot project funded by the Domingin Virginia Electric Power Company will install two 6 MW turbines offshore 22 miles from Virginia Beach. Has received funding from the U.S. Department of Energy.
Icebreaker Icebreaker: funded by privately-owned Lake Erie Energy Development Limited (LEEDCo), this 27 MW pilot will install nine 3 MW turbines offshore seven miles from Cleveland Bay. LEEDCo Receives US Department of Energy Appropriations and Priority Ohio Leaseholds, Now Installing Data Collection Tower.
· Gulf Offshore Wind: Baryonyx, a veteran European wind energy company, will build an 18 MW pilot project within 4 miles of Texas Isabel Port in the Gulf of Mexico and will install five 6 MW turbines.
Grand River (North-South) Project: Baryonyx also obtained lease permits from the Texas Department of Land and Resources for the 2000-2400 MW project 5-10 miles off South Padre Island.
· WindFloat Pacific Demonstration Project: This 30 MW pilot project by Principle Power will install its floating turbines 10 to 15 miles off the coast of the Bay of Oregon in the initial phase of the project. Three 6 MW Turbine project funded by the US Department of Energy.
Atlantic Wind Connection: This 7,000 MW backbone transmission system for offshore wind projects will connect New Jersey and Virginia. Trans-Elect, the Atlantic Power Grid Alliance formed by companies such as Google, will take on construction. At present, the project has been approved by the Marine Energy Administration of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The New Jersey State Government has just announced that it will carry out the reconstruction of the port facilities to meet the construction of the project. 
Cape Cod, Massachusetts Offshore Wind Farm (US National Grid Acquired 363 MW of 468 MW)
Deep Sea Wind Power's offshore wind project in Rhode Island (US National Grid acquired 30 MW)
· Norwegian National Oil Company in Maine offshore wind power project (Central Main Power acquired 12 MW)
The value of offshore wind:
Providing high-capacity renewable energy adjacent to a large population center;
* Power generation capacity to meet peak demand.
US offshore wind lags behind Europe and Asia:
· Europe: Europe has 55 55 offshore wind projects in 10 countries with a total installed capacity of 1,662 turbines with nameplate capacity of 4,995 MW. Currently, there are 14 projects that have just been completed or under construction, which will bring the total installed capacity in Europe to 8.3 GW. The long-term goal set by Europe is that installed capacity will reach 40 GW by 2020 and 150 GW by 2030.
· Asia: Both China and Japan already have projects in operation, with an estimated total installed capacity of 544 MW. China completed its 150 MW project by the end of 2012. Japan's offshore wind power target is 8 GW installed capacity by 2030. China plans to achieve 5 GW of installed capacity by 2015 and 30 GW of installed capacity by 2020. South Korea's goal is to achieve 600 MW by 2016
1. Sufficient anti-fracture strength;
2. Good abrasion resistance;
3. The smooth surface finish;
4. Excellent corrosion resistance, thermal fatigue, thermal cracking performance.
Tungsten carbide roller rings can working in bad conditions , small profile rolling (especially rebar rolling) process conditions is harsher than the high-speed wire rod, and therefore corresponds to the profile rolling ,tungsten carbide rollers recommend using high binder phase carbide.
Pre-finishing all vehicles roller should ensure its high toughness, strength, rigidity and thermal conductivity, followed before considering its wear resistance. When designing each vehicles roller, pre-finishing materials should choose carbide grades of Co, Co- Ni- Cr binder content is high (greater than or equal to 25wt%) , requiring an average WC grain size of coarse (5μm ~ 6μm), to obtain a higher shock toughness, proper strength and hardness. For the finishing of the roller movements, particularly the last two rollers of the finish rolling, which suffered load is small, and high relative velocity of the material to be pressed (80 m / min ~ 120 m / min). In this case, the wear resistance of the roller to be the most important requirements, and must ensure the strength , timpact toughness and hardness of a reasonable match, so the binder of Co / Ni content ratio and the average grain WC control of particle size and other factors must have greater control in front of different pre-finishing rolling roll.
According to the structure of tungsten carbide rollers, it can be divided into solid tungsten carbide roller and composite tungsten carbide roller. Solid tungsten carbide rollers have been widely used in pre-finishing and finishing stands high speed wire rod mill (including fixed reducing the rack, pinch roller rack). Composite tungsten carbide roller is made of cemented carbide and other materials, and it can be divided into tungsten carbide composite roll rings and solid tungsten carbide composite roller. Tungsten carbide composite roll rings mounted on the roller shaft; solid tungsten carbide composite roller will be directly cast in the roll axis to form a whole, a large load is applied to the rolling mill.
Tungsten carbide rollers produced by powder metallurgy method, the key to its process control is the chemical composition of the material and the mixture was prepared, pressed molding, sintering and deep processing and other preparation process parameters.
1. Preparation of starting material (WC focus quality): As the WC raw material and quality control of the use of different levels of quality may fluctuate, resulting in adverse effects on microstructure.
2. Preparation of the mixture: Mixture preparation is the key to the production process of the roller, the roller of failure modes - trachoma, mainly generated by this procedure.
3. Pressing: roller pressing is an important process of the roller mill.
4. Sintering: roller sintering is to determine the final quality of the roller production processes, use of advanced low-pressure sintering technology, HIP sintering technology can greatly improve the performance of roller.
5. Deep processing: deep processing rollers have a greater impact on the quality and accuracy of the roller surface.