"Hubei Larch Pine Fast-growing and High-yielding Forest Cultivation Technique"

2, living habits

(1) Adults: Male adults emerged 2 to 3 days earlier than female adults. Most of the newly emerged adults are active on the ground. After the adult females emerge, they are chased by male adults and immediately mate. The sites of copulation are mostly on the ground, grass, shrubs or dead branches, but also on the saplings or the branches under the big trees. The copulation is usually carried out at 10 to 12 o'clock. After mating, the females mostly climb the trees along the tree trunks. They spawn at the tip of the outer leaves of the leaf clusters (1 to 3 mm below the tip). Generally, only one grain is produced per needle. There are two individual eggs. Each adult female egg produces 26-32 eggs. Adults bite and eat young leaves as supplementary nutrition, life expectancy is 3 to 11 days; ratio of males to females is 1:0.9; adults are most active at 9 to 16 hours, rarely active after cloudy or rainy days, have migration ability, and can drift 1 km with the wind. outside.

(2) Eggs: hatching at 6 to 9 hours, accounting for more than 60% of the hatching of the whole day; hatching rate of 90%; egg period of 20 to 30 days;

(3) Larvae: The larvae immediately climb from the tip of the larvae to the leaves to make nests. The larvae start feeding every other day. The initial food intake is very small and it is not easy to detect fecal elimination; the mortalities of 1 to 2 instar larvae can reach 20%; The food intake of 4th instar larvae soared in the nest during the day and came out at night; the larvae molted 5 times and the larvae 21 to 28 days (see Table 7-1). The development of the larvae of 1st to 5th instar was simultaneously visible (see table). 7―2); 5 days after the natural drooping droop, landing to do the earth room into a pretend.

Table 7-2 Life history of Acipenser striata

month

Insect ten days

4

5

6

7

8-year 3

up middle down

up middle down

up middle down

up middle down

up middle down

Preliminarily

(a) (i) (i)

(a)

pupa

+ +

+ +

Adult

+ + +

egg

â—‹ â—‹

â—‹ â—‹

First instar larvae

― ― ―

Second Instar Larvae

― ― ―

Third instar larvae

― ―

―

Fourth instar larvae

― ―

―

Fifth instar larva

― ―

―

Preliminarily

(a)

(a) (i) (i)

(a) (i) (i)

(4) Preliminarily: Earthing chambers are 2 to 3cm deep into the ellipse, generally distributed in the vertical projection of the crown, which is close to the base of the trunk; the pre-puping period is an average of 295 days; the pre-cockroaches are used in the soil and the pupation rate is 85%.

(5) 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 蛹 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于 于.

5, control methods

(1) Artificial control: In the late autumn and early winter season, it will be overturned soil in Laoshan Mountain to destroy pre-wintering sites, so that pre-cockroaches can be frozen and eaten, or they can feed on natural enemies. In 1992, the Mengzi Forest Management Bureau's Longtoushan Forest Farm adopted this method to prevent and control the 450-million-odd worm that occurred in the semi-trench ditch in the Taozi Forest Park, effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of the worm.

(2) Biological control: protection and use of natural enemies, such as protection of attracting beneficial birds, protection of parasitoids, etc., when mature larvae under the tree are sprayed on the ground nematodes, foreign records can receive better results; Hebei Province, Mengzi Forestry Bureau in 1997 in the During the first half of June, the red-tree ants collected from the upper and middle months of June were placed on the woodland. A pile of 50m2 was placed on each side. About 1800 larvae of 1 to 2 instars could be preyed on each day. The introduced red-tree ants settled on the forest land. After that, not only preying on larvae, but also eating eggs and preying on adults, it can achieve long-term control of the pest's purpose.

(3) Chemical control: In the past 10 years, the Mengzi Forestry Bureau of Hebei Province has used 4.5% high efficiency cypermethrin EC 1000-1200 times solution before the end of egg incubation and before the 4th instar larvae. The ratio of diesel to aerosol is 1:10, and the use of a smoke machine to prevent smoke after 7 o'clock in the morning before 7 o'clock in the morning, when there is a reverse warming, and when there is no wind, can achieve a pest control effect of over 92%.

(4) Pollution-free prevention and control: In 2003, the Mengzi Forestry Bureau used plant insecticide 1.2% bitter-smoke EC and No. 0 diesel as the ratio of 1:8 to form aerosols, and smoke was used to prevent 1-4 instar larvae. The control effect reached over 90%.

(d) Coleophora Sinensis Yang

1. Taxonomic status Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Coleophoridae

2, distribution

Distributed in parts of Shanxi and Hebei.

3, identify the characteristics of adults, body length 2.5 ~ 3mm, wingspan 6.5 ~ 8.5mm. Body, wings dark gray, flash silk luster; tail wing hair color deeper. Dark gray tentacles, 24 to 25 knots; in addition to the base section (mostly 2), the remaining sections are covered with two ring scales. The lower lip is the longest in the second quarter, and the third is slightly longer than the second half. The hind wings are narrowly lanceolate; the margins are dense and long. The end of the abdomen has light yellow scales. The female genitalia had a small mating bursa; the cysts were "mountain" shaped. The length of the puncture band of the balloon catheter is approximately equal to the length of the seventh web; the middle band end of the balloon catheter is clearly bifurcated. The male half of the external genitalia of the male moth has a wide and distinct abdominal base and is narrow and narrow at the end. In the middle of the small petal, the hypophyse is dense and dense with short hairs, and its edge is rounded.

4, the occurrence of characteristics 1 year 1 generation, with negative sheath larvae on the branches, rough bark overwintering. Feeding activities begin in late April of the following year. First bite a hole in the tender leaves, and then feed on the leaves, sometimes fixed in the cocoon around the intrusion hole, and the entire body drilled into the leaf meal. When the density of larvae is high, there are at least one larvae in almost every leaf cluster, and nearly the entire canopy appears pale in mid-to-late and mid-May. In mid-May, cockroaches were found and adults were found in mid-June. Adults are more likely to emerge at night than in the night, and are rarely eclosion during the day. Adults that emerged from the first eclosion are not very active and may fly for about 2 hours. Adult eggs spawn on the back of the leaves, producing 1 egg each time, sometimes producing 2-3 capsules.

5, control methods

(1) Forest management measures: aiming at the “growth” habits of the sheath moths, and planting trees in close planting; the intensity should not be too large during the cutting and harvesting; timely replanting of the forest vacancies; when conditions are met, create a broad-leaved forest belt outside the margins of the forest for “ The protective layer". In view of the "mono-feeding" characteristics of the sheath moth, mixed forests with different tree species, different tree ages, and different proportions should be created to not only prevent the sheath moth from spreading but also enrich natural enemies and strengthen the "biological self-control" capability. The vertical distribution characteristics of the sheath moth on the canopy should be in the winter or early spring. For the dense dendrograms, combined with reasonable pruning, the insect source can be greatly reduced. Winter transplantation or long-distance transport of saplings is an important way for the sheath moth to spread. Therefore, inspection and quarantine should be strictly strengthened.

(2) Chemical control: In early June, when the emergence rate of adult worms reaches 40% to 50% or 70%, the aerosols will be released once and the adults will be smoked. The interval is about 5 days.

(3) Biological control: It is forbidden to hunt birds and grazing within the forest; hang various types of bird's nests to attract various kinds of beneficial birds; artificially migrate the nests and enrich the natural enemies of the sheath moth.

(5) Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar Linnaeus

1. Taxonomic status Lepidoptera noctuidae Noctuoidea genus Moth Lymantriidar

2. Distribution in China: Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Shandong, Anhui, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Southwest, Taiwan, and foreign countries: Japan, North Korea, Europe, and the Americas. It is a world-famous pest that can feed over 500 plants.

3, identification characteristics

(1) Adult: Male and female. Female adults are 16 to 21 mm long, wings are 37 to 54 mm, and females are 58 to 80 mm long. The female adult has a brownish brown head, brown-yellow tentacles, brown tan; chest and abdomen and brown-brown foot. The front wings are light yellow brown brown scales, dark brown markings, dark brown dots at the base, 1 black dot in the center of the middle chamber, and crescent shape of the transverse veins, "<", wavy inside and horizontal lines. The lateral and sub-lateral lines are zigzag, with yellowish-brown hind wings, transverse veins and dark outer edges, and brownish-brown edges. The female adults are yellowish-white, with female adults in the stripes, the transverse veins in the hind wings and the brown lines in the sub-periphery, and the bristles are yellow-white, with brown-black spots.

(2) Eggs: oblate, with a major diameter of 1.3 mm. The apricot was yellow at the beginning and later turned brown. The egg mass was yellow-brown hairs.

(3) Larvae: 1st instar larvae have a 0.5mm head, dark brown body, and long bristles. In the center of the bristles, there is a hair that grows in size and is called “sail”, which is a structure that reduces body weight and is easily spread by the wind. The 2nd instar larvae were 1mm in width, black, dark brown in body, and showed two yellow markings on the chest and abdomen. The 3rd instar larvae were 1.8mm in width, blackish gray, and increased in chest and abdomen patterns. The 4th instar larvae had a head width of 3mm, brown, and two black spotted mosquitoes appeared on the head. The 5th instar larvae had a head width of 4.4 mm, dark brown, and the worm body pattern was similar to the 4th instar. The heads of 6, 7 instar larvae were 5.3 or 6.0 mm in width, and the head was light brown with scattered black spots. The "eight" shaped black stripes were large. The larvae of the mature larvae are yellowish-brown on the top and back lines, and blue on the back of the body from 1 to 5 knots and 12 knots. On the 6th to 11th knots, the dorsal tumours on the back are orange-red, with red nodules on both sides of the body;

(4) Sputum: body length 19 ~ 34mm, red brown or dark brown, the back of each abdominal section with rust yellow hair. Hip-thorn end with grooved protrusions.

4. Occurrence characteristics 1 generation occurred in 1 year, to complete the development of larvae in the egg winter. Incubating from April to early May of the following year, the larvae have the habit of eating egg shells, leaving no traces of egg masses on the trees. The newly hatched larvae cluster on egg masses. After the weather warms, the upper tree feeds on buds and leaves. The first instar larvae are more hairy, and some body hairs form so-called “sails” that can be used to drift with the wind for long distances. Landing places bring sudden pests. After day 2 and night, lurking leaves, tree gaps, dead leaves on the trees, or hidden grounds on the ground, and eating out after dusk; its spread can be transmitted over long distances by wind, and old larvae can also be used for long distance crawling migration. . Larvae can crawl for 2 minutes in 1 minute. The male larvae are 5th instar and female larvae are 6th instar. If the food is not good, 7th instar larvae may appear. The mature larvae retire at the sheltered places such as branches and leaves, trunk gaps, holes, ground stones, and debris. From late June to early July, the most phlegm-removal occurred. The pupa period was 12-17 days, and the eclosion began at the end of June. The middle and late July was the peak period. During the month of July in the forest area of ​​the Mongol Forest Management Bureau, phlegm was observed and feathered from late July to early August. The males are active and fly in the forest during the day. The gypsy moth is named after this. Female adults are more sluggish, and the secreted sex pheromones have a strong attraction for males (such inducers are cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane). The eggs are laid on the wall, under the roof, and in the trunk. For example, 400-1500 eggs are produced per female female. The egg mass is thickly covered with abdominal villi, and the villi make the egg mass tolerate low temperatures of -20°C and long-term flooding of the water. Adults have phototaxis.

According to studies, gypsy moths occur in forests with small canopy density (0.2-0.3), ventilation, or lightening, and forests with large canopy cover and complex forest layers rarely plague. The remaining period is about 8 years, the preparatory period is 1 year, the proliferative period is 2 to 3 years, and the flood period is 2 to 3 years. However, due to the influence of the external conditions such as climate and food, it is possible to change the law of its embarrassment. In the forest margins, sunny slopes, and forest roads on both sides of the road; in the stands near the residential areas, due to over-grazing and deforestation and other man-made damages; and the transformation of low-quality secondary forests, the original forest facies were damaged, resulting in microclimate conditions When its reproduction is favorable, it often causes great occurrences.

5, control methods

(1) Forest management measures: Gypsy moths occur in forests that have been exposed to light and light, or have been damaged by forest trees. Improvement of forest conditions can control this insect disaster.

(2) Manual control: (1) Use larvae to trap stones under trees under the lurking habits of trees during the daytime. 2 Scraping eggs in autumn.

(3) Light trapping: Using the phototaxis of adults, insects, habitats, and current conditions can be used to seduce adults with black light and high-pressure insect traps, which is conducive to measuring insect pests. period).

(4) Chemical control: The use of 4.5% high efficiency cypermethrin EC 1500 to 2000 times canopy cover spray to prevent 2 to 3 instar larvae, control effect can reach 95% or more; use poison ring, poison paper, poison pen, etc., in the larvae cluster tree, It is also possible to achieve satisfactory results by impeding the killing of trees.

(5) Biological control: 1 There are many kinds of natural enemies in the protection and utilization of natural gypsy moths, including parasitic flies, parasitoids, nematodes, viruses, parasites and predatory natural enemies. 2 nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

Second, the main fruit seed pests

Larch cone flower fly

Scientific name Strobilomyia Laricicola (Karl)

Synonyms Lasiomma Laricecola (Karl);

Hylemyia Laricicola Karl

1. Taxonomic status: Diptera Diptera Anthomyiidae Strobilomyia.

2. Domestic distribution: Heilongjiang (Daxinganling), Jilin, Hebei, Inner Mongolia (Daxinganling), Shanxi, Xinjiang (Altai, Qinghe, and Feng); foreign: Japan, North Korea, former Soviet Union, Austria, Italy, Netherlands, and France.

3, identification characteristics

Adults: Adults that have just emerged are gray in color, and their body color gradually darkens. Adults grow 4.0 to 6.0 mm in length and have dark brown wings. The pattern on the body is not obvious. The body is covered with bristles and the abdomen is flattened back and forth. The compound eyes of the male were dark red with two eyes adjoining. The eyelid had a silver-gray film. The antennae were roughly 1/2 thick at the base and the female compound eyes were clearly separated.

Eggs: Eggs are long, shaped like needles, milky white, about 1.2 ~ 1.8mm.

Larvae: Newly hatched larvae are similar in size, shape and egg, milky white can see black hooks; old mature larvae turn pale yellow, opaque, slightly conical, body length 6.0 ~ 7.0mm with a clear black hook, by Consisting of many sections, it is telescopic when crawling. The mature larvae stop eating in front of the tree and the body shortens and phlegm after landing.

蛹: Long oval, approximately 3.0-5.0mm long, with protrusions on the front and rear ends of reddish-brown or dark brown.

4, occurrence characteristics

In the first year in the forest area of ​​the Mengzi Forest Management Bureau, it took place over the winter and most of it was between the litter layer and the soil surface.

Cockroaches begin to emerge in early May and reach maturity. In the middle of May, the end of the eclosion is gradually completed. The adult eclosion is the most common from 7:00 to 9:00. When the eclosion occurs, the 2-3 sections of the oyster shell are split open. The adults climb out of the oyster shell and rest in the litter gap. The newly emerged adults The color is grey and white, the wings do not spread, and crawling begins in about half an hour. The body color gradually darkens, and normally flies after 4 to 5 hours. Adults in the morning and early evening, when the night temperature is relatively low, they hide in the litter. After the sun comes out, in the morning When the temperature is low, it will be active on the weeds on the ground. After 10:00 a.m., with the increase of temperature, the adult fly will shift from the lower layer to the canopy, the high temperature at noon, the flower fly is also the most active, and the ability to fly is strong. At around 4 pm, it was transferred from the canopy to the lower floor. When the average daily temperature is above 10.5°C, feathering begins and the most active temperature of the flies is 15°C to 23°C. The adults of the flies fly one feather. Even if the temperature drops below the initial temperature of emergence, feathering continues. Feather adults copulate by adding nutrition for about 3 days. Adult life: females 5 to 16 days, males 4 to 14 days, male to female ratio 1:0.8, eclosion rate was 51%.

Adults began to lay eggs in mid-May and mid-May, and spawned during the middle and late May, and spawning ended in early June. Adult spawning starts at 11:00 am and ends at around 3:00 pm, mainly in the highest temperature period from 12:00 to 2:00. Eggs are produced, produced on a cone, and then laid on another cone to spawn. In a more robust year, only one or two cones of each cone are found. When the number of eggs is small, the number of eggs is different, but the number of eggs is not equal, but they are not produced in the same scale. In the early stages, when the scales of the cones do not expand, they are produced between the cones and the scales, erecting up and down. In the later period when the cones are opened, the eggs of the fly are produced directly on the scales, usually in the middle of the two seeds, up and down. Adult spawning is mostly in the lower and middle parts of the cone. Female eggs are produced between 8 and 36 eggs. Male and female flies copulate 2 to 3 times. Egg hatching rate reaches 90% and mortality rate is 10%. Natural death, there is no parasitic condition.

The eggs begin to hatch in mid-May and late May, and the period from late May to early June is the end of the incubation period in mid-June. The eggs hatch for about 5 to 7 days. After hatching, the larvae immediately enter the base of the scales and feed young seeds. Some of them even eat together. The eggs between the scales and the scales, after hatching, will feed through the scales (uncemented) and feed the seeds. The eggs produced on the scales are fed directly after hatching. After the seed coat is slightly hardened, the larvae make a small hole in the seed coat. The head drills into the seed and feeds on the seed kernel. After eating, it passes out of the hole and continues to feed spirally upward or downward along the fruit axis. From the larvae hatching and feeding, from the first 10 to 12 days, the victim's external appearance of the cone had no obvious symptoms of damage. Because the larvae do not harm the fruit axis, there is no habit of eating the cones of the cones. Since the larvae feed around the fruit axis, in the later period, the affected tissue is affected by the damage around the fruit axis, and the scales and fruit of the affected cone are smaller than normal, and the color turns yellow or withered, resulting in bending of the cone. Small cones are particularly noticeable, which can be judged to be the fruit of the damage of the flies.

The hatched larvae have a low appetite and gradually increase their food intake in the middle and later stages. When the larvae grow to 5mm, they feed an average of 1.8 seeds per day. When they grow to 6mm, they eat an average of 2.5 seeds per day. Eat 70 to 80% of all seeds.

The mature larvae began to plant trees in mid- and late-June. In late June and early July, the mature larvae culminated in mid-July. The landing of the mature larvae is closely related to the local rainfall. After the larvae are mature, they no longer feed on them. When they encounter arid climate, they do not immediately leave the fruit. Only after the rainfall, the mature larvae take off and fall and the body is shortened. That is, phlegm. The landing larvae have a small range of movement, which is within 2m from the trunk, most of which are within 0.5~1.5m from the trunk. The larvae migrate through the forest under the litter layer and there are very few mature larvae in the cones. Mature larvae have a rate of 88% and a mortality rate of 13%.

There is diapause in overwintering, and in the second year of the year, the beak did not emerge and was reemerged in the third year. The diapause rate was 22%, and the mortality rate (including parasitism) was 27%.

The flies have a close relationship with the local microclimate, the size of the larch, and the host phenology. There are many flies in the big year, and the fruitful flies are small in the young year. The occurrence of the flies is corresponded to the growth and development of the cones. The emergence of the fly corresponds to the pollination of female flowers, and the egg flies lay their eggs and young. Fruit formation corresponds; the larval incubation period corresponds to the growth phase of the larvae; the mature larvae fall into place with the cone seed coat and the lignification of the scales.

5, control methods

(1) Physical and mechanical control: During the emergence period of adults, the adult fly is attracted by the characteristics of the light fly, wave, color, and taste of the flies. Such as the use of fly photosynthetic use of Jiaduo frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp trap, each lamp control area of ​​2 ~ 5.4hm2; can also use the fly to sweet and vinegar taste tropism using sweet and sour liquid trap. These two methods are also a good way to forecast.

(2) Chemical control: In late May 2000, the Mengzi Forestry Bureau took a dry base injection of 50% methamidophos EC and 40% omethoate EC two days before the incubation period of the pest. Control methods have received more than 80% of the insecticidal effect (see Table 7-3). The specific application method is: According to the size of lard diameter, determine the number of holes punched and the amount of injection, the same amount of two kinds of pesticides: general breast diameter 6 ~ 12cm tree punching 2 ~ 3, injection of 5 ~ 9ml; breast diameter 12M or more hole 4 to 5 injections 10 to 15 ml. Use a punch machine to drill down 45o in different directions at the base of the trunk. The hole depth is 6~8cm, and the hole diameter is 0.7~0.9cm. After injection, the hole is closed with yellow mud. The injection time is May 22-30. At this moment, when the eggs hatch, the liquid medicine enters the cone with the sap. After the larvae eat the fruit-containing juice, they stop feeding and die 7 to 9 days later.